Red star

 In four hundred billion of years the sun will become a Red Giant
and it will eat all the planetas of the solar system of the Milky Way.

VISIT OUR BLOG !

IS INTERESTING TO KNOW THAT  WE ARE "STAR DUST"

WHAT ARE THE INGREDIENTS OF THE COSMIC RECIPE?

People have always known that stars and any other of our cosmic neighbors  are very far away. So far, that in the XIXth century August Comte, a prominent philosopher, argued:

Of all objects, the planets are those which appear to us under the least varied aspect. We see how we may determine their forms, their distances, their bulk, and their motions, but we can never known anything of their chemical or mineralogical structure; and, much less, that of organized beings living on their surface ... (The Positive Philosophy, Book II, Chapter 1, 1842)

However, just a few decades later, astronomers started to identify elements in the solar atmosphere. And nowadays we have a good idea about the chemical makeup not only of the stars, but of the entire visible universe.

According to spiff.rit.edu, the Earth, the easiest celestial body to measure, is made up of the following elements:

• the atmosphere
• 78% nitrogen
• 21% oxygen
• 1% other stuff (carbon dioxide, water vapor, argon, etc.)
• the oceans
• water: 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen
• the solid crust
• 62% oxygen (by number of atoms)
• 22% silicon
• 6.5% aluminum
• bits of iron, calcium, potassium, sodium
• a central core
• mainly iron
• smaller amounts of nickel and cobalt
• an intermediate mantle
• mostly oxygen and silicon
• some iron, magnesium, etc.

 

The composition of stars is largely different, comprising:

• 90% hydrogen (by number of atoms)
• 10% helium
• tiny traces of heavy elements (everything else)

Our galaxy contains not only stars, but also clouds of gas and dust. Some glow brightly, lit up by nearby stars. Other clouds appear dark, because they absorb and scatter the light which tries to pass through them. It is often easier to determine the composition of nebulae than of stars, since we can see into the center of the nebula. The spectra of these objects show that they, too, are almost completely made of hydrogen and helium, with tiny amount of other elements.

 

The blog spiff.rit.edu posts three important questions:

• Is there any particular reason that galaxies should have started out with a mixture of 12.5 hydrogen atoms for every 1 helium atom?
• Is there any reason why the initial mixture should contain only hydrogen and helium, with (almost) no heavier elements?
• Whence came the mixture of oxygen, silicon, iron, etc., which make up the Earth and everything on it?

 

Reference:

http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys240/lectures/elements/elements.html

SOME OTHER PICTURES OF THE INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ASTROFÍSICA, ÓPTICA Y ELECTRÓNICA

OUR VISIT TO INAOE

The Universe is commonly defined as the totality of existence,^[1][2][3][4] including planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, the smallest subatomic particles, and all matter and energy.^[5][6] Similar terms include the cosmos, the world, reality, and nature.
The observable universe is about 46 billion light years in radius.^[7] Scientific observation of the Universe has led to inferences of its earlier stages. These observations suggest that the Universe has been governed by the same physical laws and constants throughout most of its extent and history. The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model that describes the early development of the Universe, which is calculated to have begun 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years ago.^[8][9] Observations of a supernovae have shown that the Universe is expanding at an accelerating rate.^[10]


Julieta rodriguez

nebulae

a nebulea  is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases. Originally, nebula was a name for any diffuse astronomical object, including galaxies beyond the Milky Way. The Andromeda Galaxy, for instance, was referred to as the Andromeda Nebula (and spiral galaxies in general as "spiral nebulae") before the true nature of galaxies was confirmed in the early 20th century by Vesto Slipher, Edwin Hubble and others. Nebulae are often star-forming regions, such as in the Eagle Nebula. This nebula is depicted in one of NASA's most famous images, the "Pillars of Creation". In these regions the formations of gas, dust, and other materials "clump" together to form larger masses, which attract further matter, and eventually will become massive enough to form stars. The remaining materials are then believed to form planets, and other planetary system objects

a nebulea is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases. Originally, nebula was a name for any diffuse astronomical object, including galaxies beyond the Milky Way. The Andromeda Galaxy, for instance, was referred to as the Andromeda Nebula (and spiral galaxies in general as "spiral nebulae") before the true nature of galaxies was confirmed in the early 20th century by Vesto Slipher, Edwin Hubble and others. Nebulae are often star-forming regions, such as in the Eagle Nebula. This nebula is depicted in one of NASA's most famous images, the "Pillars of Creation". In these regions the formations of gas, dust, and other materials "clump" together to form larger masses, which attract further matter, and eventually will become massive enough to form stars. The remaining materials are then believed to form planets, and other planetary system objects

                                                         Supernovas

A supernova (abbreviated SN, plural SNe after "supernovae") is a stellar explosion that is more energetic than a nova. It is pronounced /ˌsuːpəˈnoʊvə/ with the plural supernovae/ˌsuːpəˈnoʊviː/ or supernovas. Supernovae are extremely luminous and cause a burst ofradiation that often briefly outshines an entire galaxy, before fading from view over several weeks or months. During this interval a supernova can radiate as much energy as the Sun is expected to emit over its entire life span.^[1] The explosion expels much or all of a star's material^[2] at a velocity of up to 30,000 km/s (10% of the speed of light), driving a shock wave^[3] into the surrounding interstellar medium. This shock wave sweeps up an expanding shell of gas and dust called a supernova remnant.

Gaby Huitrón

They can go to see how we explain all this, we hope at the English College of Puebla

The formation of galaxies

There are two hypotheses about birth: one states that were formed from the collapse of material during the birth of the universe, so this theory considers that galaxies are almost as old as the Universe itself. While the second holds that have been formed from a merger of smaller galaxies, and are therefore younger than the Universe.

With the observation technique of the electromagnetic spectrum has been analyzed for the first time, separately two elements: carbon and nitrogen. Some chemical elements mark the birth and evolution of stars such as nitrogen or carbon. All gases that make up the galaxies are generated within it, with the exception of hydrogen and helium, indicating each stage of the life of the galaxy.

The analysis by the group of Spanish scientists UCM concludes that the location of each galaxy in the Universe determines how they were created. Those forming part of galactic cluster are formed very rapidly, while those found in areas of lower density are the result of a clustering process slower.

 Daniel Alejandro 

científico, Manuel Peimbert

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Peimbert_Sierra

Por medio de este blog, daré a conocer los avances de mis alumnos, investigaciones y modelos generados a partir de los datos recopilados.

Composición Quimica del Universo
Hielo en nebulosas

actividades

COLEGIO INGLES DE PUEBLA

            FERIA DE CEINCIAS, TECNOLOGIA Y HUMANIDADES

Periodismo Científico

Gabriela Galeazzi Arellano

4 Año.

Composición Química del Universo   

No. Act.	Actividad a realizar	Aprendizaje Esperado	Recursos Tecnológicos	Producto a entregar	Instrumento de Evaluación
1	Investigación sobre Peimpert. Teoría. Composición química del universo Hile en nebulosas	Identificar de forma simple la composición química del universo	Web	Reportes escritos así como diagramas
2	Redacción del reporte de investigación.	Reconocer la composición del universo y el por que del hielo en nebulosas	Videos Fotos Diagramas Web	Reporte impreso	Rubrica
3	Creación de lona
4	Exposición final	Presentación a padres de familia	Lona, material de apoyo	Exposición	Tabla de participación.